Decorators in Python allow us to add extra features to functions or methods of class without changing their code. Sometimes, we might want to apply a decorator to all methods in a class to ensure they all behave in a certain way. This article will explain how to do this step by step.
Applying Decorators to Class Methods
To apply a decorator to all methods within a class we can use the __init_subclass__ method which is a class method that gets called whenever a class is subclassed. This method can be used to wrap all methods in a class with a given decorator.
Example: The below example automatically applies a decorator to all methods of a class and adds print statements before and after each method call to log when the method starts and finishes.
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print(f"Calling {func.__name__}")
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(f"Finished {func.__name__}")
return result
return wrapper
class DecorateAllMethods:
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
for attr, value in cls.__dict__.items():
if callable(value):
setattr(cls, attr, my_decorator(value))
class MyClass(DecorateAllMethods):
def method1(self):
print("Executing method1")
def method2(self):
print("Executing method2")
obj = MyClass()
obj.method1()
obj.method2()
Output
Calling method1 Executing method1 Finished method1 Calling method2 Executing method2 Finished method2
Conclusion
Applying decorators to all methods in a class can help us to add consistent behavior like logging or validation to all our methods easily. Using the __init_subclass__ method we can do this without modifying each method individually.
Q. Can I use more than one decorator on class methods?
Yes, you can apply multiple decorators by wrapping each method with multiple decorators in the __init_subclass__ method.
Q. How can I exclude some methods from being decorated?
You can add checks in the __init_subclass__ method to skip decorating certain methods based on their names or other criteria.
Q. Will decorators affect my code's speed?
Decorators can slow down your code a bit because they add extra function calls. Make sure to test your code to ensure it still runs quickly enough.